Low Level Filesystem Access

Excerpt from Inside the TRS-80 Model 100

(Carl Oppedahl)

Published RAM File-Handling Routines

User files reside in RAM starting at the lowest installed RAM address, with BA files at the bottom, followed by DO files and CO files. The directory is located in high memory from F962 to FA74. There is room to store sixteen filenames with eleven bytes of information each. The format of the filename information is given in table 18.1.

Table 18.1

Byte	Description
0	Directory flag (see table 18.2)
1-2	File start address
3-10	Eight-byte file name

Table 18.2

Bit	Description
7	0 if a killed file
6	1 if a DO file
5	1 if a CO file
4	1 if located in ROM
3	1 for inivisible file
2-1	Reserved
0	Internal use only

Notice that no entry exists for filesize. To determine filesize, either of two techniques may be used. By comparing the various start addresses, one can determine the next file's starting address. The two start addresses may simply be subtracted.

However, the filenames in the directory are not in order by start address, so one must search the entire directory to find the next file up. The ending address of the top file is stored at FBB2+.

Another way to determine file size is by examining the files themselves, since the file itself always contains enough information to determine its size. With BA and DO files, you must scan the file, beginning at the start address, to locate the end-of-file marker. For DO files, the EOF characters is 26H. For BA files, it is a three character sequence, 00H,00H,00H.

For CO files, there is no end-of-file character as such, but the length of the file is determined by adding the value of the third byte to the product of 256 times the fourth byte, plus six.

Suzuki and Hayash

Sooner or later you will stumble across the names Suzuki and Hayashi in the directory. Hayashi is the PASTE buffer. Suzuki is the location of the BASIC program, if any, that has not yet been SAVEd and therefore does not have a name. (It is the file you sometimes see listed as BASIC*.) Sometimes you select BASIC from the main menu and find that some lines are still present from the last time you were in BASIC; these lines were hiding in Suzuki.

Suzuki and Hayashi take up memory, of course, like any other files. It can be emptied by entering BASIC and typing NEW.

DO Files

A DO file's first character is that which would be returned if you accessed it with TEXT or with BASIC's OPEN and INPUT statements. The file ends with the 26H described above.

BA File Format

A BA file in RAM is set up as a sequence of lines, each with the following form:

2 bytes	Address of the line number to follow (little endian)
2 bytes	Current line number (little endian)
Numerous bytes	Program line in tokenized form
1 byte	Null (00H)

The file ends with two more nulls (00H), making the last three characters nulls.

CO File Format

The format of a CO file is as follows:

2 bytes	Address to load file to (little endian)
2 bytes	Number of bytes to load (little endian, six fewer than the size of the RAM file, because of these six address bytes)
2 bytes	Transfer (start) address
many bytes	Contents of file

Accessing Files

BASIC's PEEK statement can be used to examine the file contents without the danger of altering the file. The use of POKEs with files, however, is discouraged unless you know precisely what you are doing. If you must POKE, keep the following in mind.

• POKE only within the files, not elsewhere in RAM. In particular, do not POKE to addresses at or above 62960 (F5F0).
• If you create an endo-of-file (EOF) marker within a DO file, you must delete any characters from there up to the beginning of the next file. Use MASDEL, described below.
• If, within a BA file, you tamper with any of the file format addresses described above in memory, such as the BASIC address of the following line number, the program will no longer function properly.

Published ROM Calls for Manipulating RAM Files

Most of the following routines can be used only to manipulated DO files in RAM.

The routine MAKTXT, called at 220F, creates a DO file in the RAM directory with the name specified in the buffer at FC93 through FC98. If the file already exists, the routine returns with the carry flag set.

Upon exiting the routine, the HL register points to the TOP address of the new file (the address at which new characters would be added), and DE points to the address of the directory file flag, located somewhere in the directory starting at F962.

The routine CHKDC, called at 5AA9, examines the directory to determine if a specified DO filename is present in the directory as a valid file. Prior to the call, DE should point to the first in a series of memory addresses (RAM or ROM) containing a filename in ASCII followed by a null.

Upon return, the Z flag is set if no such file was found. If the file was found, HL points to the start, or lowest, address of the file.

The routine GTXTTB, called at 5AE3, finds the TOP address of the file assuming its location in the directory is known. If you provide the address of the directory entry in HL, it returns the TOP address of the file.

The routine KILASC, called at 1FBE, kills a DO file. Prior to the call, DE must be set to the starting address of the file, and HL must be set to the address of the directory entry. Everything above it in user memory (CO files and other DO files) is moved down to fill in the space.

The routine INSCHR, called at 6B61, inserts one character in a DO file, Prior to the call, HL points to the address at which to insert the character, and A contains the character to be inserted. Everything above in user area (all CO files and some DO files) is moved up one position.

If there is no more room in RAM, the routine returns with the carry flag set.

The routine MAKHOL, called at 6B6D, inserts a specified number of spaces in a file. Everything is moved up in memory to accommodate the spaces. These spaces may later be changed as desired. Prior to the call, BC must contain the number of spaces to be inserted, and HL must point to the address at which to insert the spaces. HL and BC are preserved, which is handy. If there was insufficient room in RAM, the routine returns with the carry flag set.

The routine MASDEL, called at 6B9F, deletes a specified number of characters from a file. Prior to a call, BC must containt the number of characters to be deleted, and HL should point to the address at which to begin deleting. HL and BC are preserved.

How RAM File Creation Works

(Steve Adolph)

There are a number of pointers in high memory that are used to demarcate the area used for basic files text files the three scratchpads machine language files

These pointers need to be modified according to what you need to insert or delete. For example, if you add a .CO file, then you don't need to modify the pointers that deal with the lower file space. But, adding a .BA moves all the pointers.

To create a file you need to

• wedge open the file space at a precise location, depending on the file type and the pointer values...placement is critical because of a fundamental assumption in the directory management

• load all the appropriate data into that memory hole, representing the actual file data

• create a directory entry with the right stuff in the entry to connect with that file

• run the magic LNKFIL routine that re-assigns all the directory links and connects them to the right files again

Deleting a file is kinda similar.

The fundamental assumption is that the order of the files must be maintained within each file type. That way the linker can deduce which file directory entry is associated with a specific file.

IE the next .BA directory entry must be associated with the next found file in the .BA area. and so on.