5MHZ upgrade for Model T
Updated November 2023 work in progress
Goal of this page is to share the latest in a long sequence of "clock doubler" boards for the 80C85 used in the Model T computers.
Goals
* support for all Model T computers - M100, T102, T200, PC-8201, PC-8300, M10, KC-85 * buildable with moderate effort and skill * minimal and reversible modification to the computer
Features
* software switchable speed up for compatibility * settable power-up default speed, 1x or 2x * hardware driven 1x slowdown function (needed for T200) * accelerated RAM timing signal (needed for M100, T102, NEC, KC-85, M10) * single sided component placement * 3 different crystal placement options for mechanical fit flexibility * surface mount logic, leaded through-hole passives * low power consumption
PCB and Schematic
| PCB | Version | Model | Comments | Gerbers | Images | Schematic | Eagle design files |
| 1x 2x clock doubler | V4.4 | T200, NEC | Includes all functions. | Gerbers V4_4 | Board images V4_4 | Schematic image V4_4 | Eagle design files V4_4 |
Since OSHPARK is so clumsy in dealing with PCB revisions (basically you can't remove a bad file design once shared), I've decided to just post PCB gerber files and schematics here. That way I can control issues that I find and always have the corrected files available. IF files are posted at OSHPark it won't be by me, so no promises.
Bill of Materials
...of course you need to order a PCB using the Gerbers. I use JLCPCB; they are great and it is really easy. Just upload the gerbers and order.
Part Value Digikey Package Qty C1,2 22pF 399-13931-ND C025-025X050 2 C3,4,5 0.47uF 399-14039-1-ND C025-025X050 2 IC1 74HCU04D 1727-2863-1-ND SO14 1 IC2 74HC138D 296-1193-1-ND SO16 1 IC3,4,5 74HC74D 1727-2824-1-ND SO14 3 IC7 74HC00D 1727-2773-1-ND SO14 1 Q1 or 3 9.8304MHz 2151-AS-8.000-20-ND HC49/S 1 or Q2 9.8304MHz XC952-ND TC38H 1 R1 499 CF18JT510RCT-ND 0204/5 1 R2 1M CF18JT1M00CT-ND 0204/5 1 R3,4 10k CF18JT10K0CT-ND 0204/5 2
Technical discussion
Power Consumption
In general, running at 5MHz consumes more power than 2.5MHz operation. In my experience, the speed increase tends to consume 15-20mA of power supply current.
In M100 for example, if the typical current is 56mA, 5MHz operation may drive up the current to 72mA or so.
My personal feeling is that it is much better to have the option to run fast than to worry about consuming more battery. To each their own.
M100
In the Model 100, running at 2x clock rate requires a solution to 2 issues in general.
1. The main ROM is typically too slow 2. The SRAM modules may also be too slow.
Either of these issues may impair operation at 5MHz. OR - you might get lucky and it runs fine as is.
Speeding up the Main ROM
In the M100 technical reference, there is a comment that states the main ROM has 600nsec timing. Original ROMs were this slow; newer ones were faster. If after installation and trial, you believe your main ROM is too slow, this can be easily overcome by swapping in an EPROM. There are several solutions for this - for example there are adapter boards that convert the custom M100 main ROM pinout to standard 27C256. I recommend using a 200nsec or faster EPROM. No need to change the binary image, but you can always convert to T102 ROM for the bug fixes.
Speeding up the SRAM
On early M100s the system RAM is also (barely) too slow. Early RAM modules were 250nsec SRAM. Take a look at your SRAM... if they are -25 then they are too slow. If they are -20 or -15, you are probably ok.
The original A* signal in the standard M100/T102 design, is used to minimize SRAM power by disabling the SRAM when no read/write is occurring. This is actually very important. The longer the SRAM stays "on" the more power it consumes. In a battery laptop, you want to shut of the SRAM as much as possible. However, the timing of the A* signal is quite delayed in the CPU read/write cycle. A* is driven by the /RD and /WR signals.
To make slow SRAM work at 5MHz, you need to create an A* signal that enables the SRAM a bit earlier in the CPU cycle. This special A* signal needs to be wired into the M100. This involves cutting one track and soldering one wire.
The clock doubler PCB includes a generation of a replacement A* signal, which allows the slower SRAM to work at 5MHz. As a result of the advanced A* timing, the power consumption goes up a little bit.
T102
T102 installation is very similar to the M100. I have not however observed any problem with Main ROM speed; it seems that the T102 benefits from being built later, and hence has faster main ROMs. T102 does however require modified A* timing just like the M100.
T200
T200 installation is simpler than M100/T102, in that there is no issue related to Main ROM. SRAM speed can be an issue. On the Memory board (the board that has the option RAM and ROM sockets) there are 3 8k SRAMs for Bank 1. If these rams are 200nsec (-20) rated, the could be too slow.
T200 does have one new gotcha. The real time clock chip RP5C01 is really slow and cannot run at 5MHz. Period. So, we need another solution.
Dealing with slow SRAM
There isn't an easy way to accelerate the SRAM timing like was done for the M100/T102/NEC/M10 etc. Replacing the SRAM chips is a lot of work. An alternative would be to (1) disable the onboard SRAM and (2) add an SRAM card that can provide all 3 banks with fast SRAM. Such a board does not yet exist (!). So, if you have 200nsec SRAM, this upgrade might not be for you.
Slowing down to use the RTC
The answer is to actually disable 5MHz operation when the CPU is accessing the real time clock chip. Thankfully, there is a pretty easy fix. The clock doubler PCB has a special input signal that, when low, disables 2x mode. Addition of a single wire to connect the "CL" signal at a specific location on the T200 motherboard, to this input allows the T200 to automatically slow down only when the RP5C01 is being selected.
Low Profile
Building this for installation in T200 requires that the height of the board over the CPU be kept to a minimum. Make sure all avenues for minimizing height are utilized. Consider using surface mount caps for example to keep the profile to a minimum. Ideally the SMT chips should be the tallest components on the board, and the board should be mounted flush to the CPU.
NEC PC-8201
I have not yet done an actual install, but I expect it will have the same issues as M100.
Expect the Main ROM may be slow, and needs a 27C256 upgrade. Expect there could be slow SRAM modules, and needs a new A* signal.
NEC PC-8300
I have not yet done an actual install, but I expect the machine is compatible with 5MHz operation with no problem with Main ROM or SRAM timing.
Olivetti M10
I have not yet done an actual install, but I expect it will have the same issues as M100.
Expect the Main ROM may be slow, and needs a 27C256 upgrade. Expect there could be slow SRAM modules, and needs a new A* signal.
Kyocera KC-85
I have not yet done an actual install (because I don't have a KC-85!, but I expect it will have the same issues as M100.
Expect the Main ROM may be slow, and needs a 27C256 upgrade. Expect there could be slow SRAM modules, and needs a new A* signal.
Software control of the clock doubler
To control the clock rate of the laptop, the following BASIC commands are used.
OUT85,0 sets to 2.5MHz OUT85,1 sets to 5MHz
Easy to remember! 8085
Installation Files
| Computer model | Installation files |
| T102 | T102 1x/2x clk mod V1.0 Nov 2023.pdf |
| M100 | M100 1x/2x clk mod V1.0 Nov 2023.pdf |
| T200 | T200 1x/2x clk mod V1.0 Nov 2023.pdf |
| PC-8201 | not yet investigated |
| PC-8300 | not yet investigated |
| M10 | not yet investigated |
| KC-85 | like M100? |
As I test and more-or-less land on a reasonable upgrade process, I will post instruction files here If you have any questions, please get in touch with me at Twospruces at --the google mail service.
What about compatibility with REX#/REXCPM?
REX# and REXCPM from November 2021 are built and tested compatible with 5MHz. In fact my test station runs at 5MHz. If you have an earlier REX#/REXCPM, contact me to discuss what to do.
NSC800 / CP/M @ 5MHz
For M100 with NSC800, contact me for a solution. This would of course be a dedicated CP/M machine with REXCPM installed.
Compatibility issues @ 5MHz
As issues are identified, they will get listed here.
FAQ
As this is tried I'm sure questions and comments will arise. We can capture useful information here. Thanks.
Q. Can I buy this assembled and tested from you? A. No, unfortunately. I have no way of testing it other than to install it. I think it is best to consider this a DIY project.
